10 Notable Differences in Girls & Boys with ASD
There has been a rise in the number of individuals being diagnosed with autism in Singapore, according to a 2021 study. Additionally, according to the National University of Singapore – Institute of Policy Studies one in 150 children in Singapore are in the spectrum. With the exponential rise in genetic research on ASD in recent decades, the evidence is clear that with our current lifestyle and environment, the likelihood of developing ASD is increasing.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with a range of symptoms. While it can affect anyone, regardless of gender, research and clinical studies show key differences in the way autism manifests in boys and girls. Additionally, applied behaviour analysis (ABA) therapy, the leading evidence-based approach used for managing autism, also highlights these disparities.
This blog article outlines 10 prominent differences in autism between boys and girls as observed in ABA therapy. Our aim is to shed light on the key distinctions between boys and girls on the autism spectrum, furthering our understanding of this complex condition and its nuanced expression across genders — with the end goal of providing opportunities and solutions.
Distinctions Between Boys & Girls
ASD is a wide-ranging and complex condition that affects individuals differently based on a variety of factors, including gender. Each person’s journey with autism is unique, and the way autism manifests in boys can greatly differ from how it presents in girls.
PREVALENCE
Research has consistently shown that boys are diagnosed with ASD more frequently than girls. According to the CDC’s latest data, the ratio of boys to girls with autism is approximately 4:1. This higher prevalence in boys is still not entirely understood, although genetic, biological, and environmental factors are speculated to play a role.
AGE OF DIAGNOSIS
Boys tend to be diagnosed with autism at a younger age than girls. This may be attributed to the more noticeable symptoms in boys, leading to earlier detection. Consequently, girls with autism might not receive intervention as early as boys.
PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS
As published in Front Psychology journal in 2022, boys with autism often display more externalizing behaviours such as aggression or hyperactivity. In contrast, girls may present with subtler signs, such as difficulties in social interaction and communication. They may also camouflage their symptoms better, which might lead to delays or inaccuracies in diagnosis.
SPECIAL INTERESTS
Boys and girls with autism tend to have different areas of special interest. Boys often focus on topics like transportation or technology, while girls might have an intense fascination with animals, fiction, or relationships. In ABA therapy, these special interests can be used as a way to engage the child and build communication and social skills.
SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
Girls with ASD often exhibit more advanced social communication skills compared to boys with ASD. They may mimic social interactions, enabling them to blend in more seamlessly.
COMORBIDITIES
Boys with ASD are more likely to experience co-occurring conditions such as ADHD or conduct disorders. On the other hand, girls with ASD are often diagnosed with internalising disorders such as anxiety or depression.
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
A 2017 study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, girls with ASD generally have better overall cognitive functioning compared to boys, especially in verbal and executive function domains.
SENSORY SENSITIVITIES
While both boys and girls with autism exhibit sensory sensitivities, the type and degree of these sensitivities may vary. For example, a study in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders found that girls with autism might be more sensitive to touch and sound, while boys might be more affected by visual stimuli.
RESPONSE TO THERAPY
Research suggests that boys and girls may respond differently to ABA therapy. For instance, girls often show significant improvement in adaptive skills, while boys may show more improvements in reducing challenging behaviours.
RISK OF MISDIAGNOSIS OR UNDERDIAGNOSIS
Due to the subtler manifestation of symptoms in girls, there is a higher risk of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis compared to boys. This can lead to delayed initiation of ABA therapy, affecting the overall outcome of the intervention.
How ABA Therapy Provides Solutions
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a versatile therapeutic approach designed to enhance socially meaningful behaviours in individuals with autism. Given the gender-based differences and challenges in autism, ABA therapy offers a unique advantage — it can be tailored to cater to these distinct needs.
Regardless of the timing of a diagnosis, ABA therapy is beneficial. However, earlier intervention often yields more substantial progress. This is particularly helpful for girls who may receive a later diagnosis due to their symptoms being less overt. With this in mind, ABA therapy can be customised to address gender-specific needs, ensuring that each child receives the most effective support.
Furthermore, ABA therapy’s adaptability comes into play when addressing the internalised or externalised symptoms that a child may display. Boys with autism, who often demonstrate externalised behaviours, may benefit from therapy strategies centred around reducing aggression and increasing focus. On the other hand, girls, whose symptoms tend to be more internalised, may find therapies aimed at developing communication and social interaction skills more beneficial.
ABA therapy also utilises the power of a child’s special interests, using them as motivational tools in the therapeutic process, which can significantly enhance engagement and effectiveness. Especially for girls, who may be adept at camouflaging their difficulties, ABA therapy can help unearth and address any underlying social challenges.
In planning therapy, ABA therapists consider the common comorbidities associated with ASD in both boys and girls. They may incorporate strategies to manage conditions such as anxiety or depression in girls and attention difficulties in boys. This holistic approach ensures that all aspects of the child’s wellbeing are addressed.
Measurement and adjustment of therapy effectiveness is another strong suit of ABA. The approach allows for continual monitoring and assessment of a child’s progress. This data-driven methodology enables therapists to understand the efficacy of the therapy and make necessary alterations in treatment plans for both boys and girls.
Understanding gender differences in autism as observed in ABA therapy is crucial in tailoring effective interventions. It leads to a more precise diagnosis and effective treatment plans, thereby improving the quality of life for both boys and girls on the autism spectrum.
The Takeaway
The distinct ways autism shows up in boys and girls, especially seen in ABA therapy, highlight the need for therapy plans that are personalised. Understanding these differences can lead to better diagnoses and treatments, and improve life for all children with autism, boy or girl.
As we learn more about autism, it’s more and more important to pay attention to these gender-specific differences in our studies and practice. This way, we can make sure every child with autism gets the right, individualised care and support they deserve.
At AutismSTEP, we are committed to this individualised approach. We design bespoke treatment plans that cater to your child’s specific needs and aspirations. We believe that by collaborating and supporting each other, we can help children with autism to flourish and unlock their full potential.
We are here to assist you in making the best-informed decisions regarding your child’s therapy. We invite you to schedule a consultation with us today, or give us a call at +65 6456 9950. Together, we can navigate the path to your child’s growth and development.